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        • Germany >
          • Baden-Württemberg >
            • DE-BW Pre-1900
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          • Berlin >
            • DE-BE Pre-1900
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          • Brandenburg >
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            • DE-HB 2010-2011
          • Hamburg >
            • DE-HH Pre-1900
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            • DE-SL 1907
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          • LU Pre-1900
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          • MD 1910-1914
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        • Northern Ireland >
          • GB-NIR 1906-1897
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          • PL Pre-1900
          • PL 1900-1909 >
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            • PL 1909
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        • Portugal >
          • PT 1906-1909
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          • IE Pre-1900
          • IE 1907-1908
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          • RO Pre-1900
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        • Russia >
          • RU Pre-1900
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            • RU 1909
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            • RU 1910-1912
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        • Scotland >
          • GB-SCT Pre-1900
          • GB-SCT 1903-1909
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        • Serbia >
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          • SL 1904
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        • Ukraine >
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            • CA-NL 1910-1914
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            • CA-NS 1917
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            • CA-ON Pre-1900
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            • CA-PE 1936
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          • Saskatchewan >
            • CA-SK 1909
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          • Alaska >
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          • California >
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              • US-CA 1920-1924
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          • Colorado >
            • US-CO Pre-1900
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          • Florida >
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          • Georgia >
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          • Hawaii >
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              • US-HI 1940
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            • US-HI 1979
          • Idaho >
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          • Illinois >
            • US-IL Pre-1890
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              • US-IL 1900-1904
              • US-IL 1905-1907
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              • US-IL 1910
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          • Indiana >
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          • Iowa >
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            • US-IA 1981
          • Kansas >
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          • Kentucky >
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          • Louisiana >
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            • US-LA 1950-1952
          • Maine >
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          • Maryland >
            • US-MD Pre-1900
            • US-MD 1903-1909
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            • US-MD 1930-1939 >
              • US-MD 1930
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              • US-MD 1933-1939
            • US-MD 1944-1946
            • US-MD 1950-1951
            • US-MD 1962
          • Massachusetts >
            • US-MA Pre-1880
            • US-MA 1880-1889
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            • US-MA 1901-1909
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            • US-MA 1930-1939
            • US-MA 1940-1945
            • US-MA 1975
          • Michigan >
            • US-MI Pre-1890
            • US-MI 1890-1899 >
              • US-MI 1890-1891
              • US-MI 1898
              • US-MI 1899
            • US-MI 1900-1909
            • US-MI 1910-1913
            • US-MI 1929
            • US-MI 1931-1937
            • US-MI 1940
            • US-MI 1950-1959 >
              • US-MI 1954
              • US-MI 1958
          • Minnesota >
            • US-MN 1881-1889
            • US-MN 1890-1899 >
              • US-MN 1890-1894
              • US-MN 1898
            • US-MN 1900-1909 >
              • US-MN 1900-1908
              • US-MN 1909
            • US-MN 1910-1919 >
              • US-MN 1910-1911
              • US-MN 1912
              • US-MN 1913
              • US-MN 1914
              • US-MN 1917
            • US-MN 1921-1928
            • US-MN 1933-1939
            • US-MN 1940-1941
            • US-MN 1979
            • US-MN 1980-1989 >
              • US-MN 1981
              • US-MN 1982
          • Mississippi >
            • US-MS Pre-1900
            • US-MS 1928
          • Missouri >
            • US-MO Pre-1900
            • US-MO 1900-1909
            • US-MO 1910-1919
            • US-MO 1922-1929
            • US-MO 1930-1938
            • US-MO 1940-1947
            • US-MO 1975
          • Montana >
            • US-MT Pre-1900
            • US-MT 1904-1908
            • US-MT 1912-1916
            • US-MT 1920-1928
            • US-MT 1931-1932
            • US-MT 1946
            • US-MT 1954
          • Nebraska >
            • US-NE Pre-1900
            • US-NE 1900-1909
            • US-NE 1910-1919
            • US-NE 1920-1922
            • US-NE 1932-1937
            • US-NE 1954
            • US-NE 1979
            • US-NE 1981
          • Nevada >
            • US-NV 1918
            • US-NV Pre-1900
            • US-NV 1903
            • US-NV 1922-1924
            • US-NV 1931-1936
          • New Hampshire >
            • US-NH 1913-1914
            • US-NH 1930-1933
          • Tennessee >
            • US-TN Pre-1900
            • US-TN 1900-1909
            • US-TN 1910-1919
            • US-TN 1920-1929
            • US-TN 1930-1939 >
              • US-TN 1930
              • US-TN 1931
              • US-TN 1932
              • US-TN 1933
            • US-TN 1970-1979
      • Oceania >
        • Australia >
          • New South Wales >
            • AU-NSW Pre-1900
            • AU-NSW 1920-1929
          • Queensland >
            • AU-QLD 1930-1939
            • AU-QLD 1920-1929
          • South Australia >
            • AU-SA Pre-1900
            • AU-SA 1920-1929
          • Victoria >
            • AU-VIC Pre-1900
            • AU-VIC 1920-1929
          • Western Australia >
            • AU-WA 1900-1909
            • AU-WA 1910-1919
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        • New Zealand >
          • NZ Pre-1900
          • NZ 1920-1929
      • South America >
        • Argentina >
          • AR 1903-1909
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          • AR 1940-1947
        • Brazil >
          • BR Pre-1900
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          • BR 1910-1915
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            • BR 1930-1933
            • BR 1934
            • BR 1935-1938
          • BR 1940-1949
        • Chile >
          • CL Pre-1900
          • CL 1928-1929
        • Uruguay >
          • UY 1924
          • UY 1930
    • By Wrestler >
      • A >
        • Ad Santel
        • Americus
        • Andre Christol
        • Andre the Giant
        • Antonio Pierri
      • B >
        • Bert Rubi
        • Billy Romanoff
        • Bobby Bruns
        • Bronko Nagurski
      • C >
        • Carl Abs
        • Charles Moth
        • Clarence >
          • Bouldin
          • Whistler
        • Col. J.H. McLaughlin
        • Constantine Romanoff
      • D >
        • Dan McLeod
        • Danno O'Mahoney
        • Dave Finley
        • Donald Dinnie
        • Dr. Ben F. Roller
        • Dubois
        • Duncan >
          • A. McMillan
          • C. Ross
      • E >
        • Earl Caddock
        • Ed >
          • Don George
          • Lewis
          • Virag
        • Edwin Bibby
        • Emil Nitschke
        • Ernest Roeber
        • Evan Lewis
      • F >
        • Farmer Burns
        • Francois le Farinier
        • Frank Gotch
        • Fred Beell
      • G >
        • George >
          • Bothner
          • Kotsonaros
          • Steadman
          • William Flagg
        • Georges Hackenschmidt
      • H >
        • Harry Hill
        • Henry M. Dufur
        • Homer Lane
        • Hugh Leonard
      • I >
        • Iwan Chemjakin
      • J >
        • Jack Carkeek
        • Jakob Koch
        • James >
          • Faulkner
          • Owens
        • Jean >
          • Doublier
          • Dupuis
        • Jim >
          • Esson
          • Londos
          • Joe >
            • Acton
            • Stecher
          • McMillen
        • John McMahon
        • Josef Steinbach
  • Articles
    • PWHS Writers >
      • Harry G. >
        • Extinct Wrestling Concepts >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • 200 Articles?
        • As We Get Close to the End
        • Carpenters
        • Charles Manson?
        • Fantasy and Reality
        • First Times
        • How on Earth could You Trust Him
        • "I Hate Him!"
        • "If You Break Kayfabe"
        • Jack Brisco, Backlund, Angle...Soucie?
        • Loss of Innocence
        • Missing Things That I Have Never Seen
        • Monsters
        • "Not bad, Kid"
        • "Okay...Okay...Now this HAS to Be Real"
        • Once the Balloon is Popped
        • Suspension of Disbelief Vs. Current Reality
        • The Smarter You Are The Dumber You Are
        • They Aren't REAL Wrestlers!
        • Time to Get My Wrestling Fix
        • Titles of Convenience
        • Turn Off the Lights
        • "Was it really that good?" Yes.
        • Where Are Wrestling's Oddities
        • Who is the Toughest Wrestler
      • Jimmy W. >
        • Fakirs At Work >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
        • Forgotten Titles >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
          • Chapter Eight
        • History of Wrestling >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
        • Hooded History >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • Let's Go to the Movies >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
        • Not A Wrestler >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
        • A Solid Man
        • Christmas Cards
        • Confidence Vs. Paranoia
        • Feel the Bang
        • For 58 Years They Dreamed
        • From Muldoon to McMahon
        • God Is in the Detail
        • Good Versus Evil
        • Grappling Glitter
        • Hacksaw in the Works
        • Harry Hill and the Champions of Water
        • Nevermind the Piledriver
        • Official WWF Fan Club
        • One and Only WORLD Champion
        • Pioneers Schmioneers
        • Sixty Minutes Is Not Enough
        • Slams and Salaams
        • WWF European Exclusives
        • Whisky, Whips, Loose Women and Lamb
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            • US-CA 1892-1898
            • US-CA 1900-1909
            • US-CA 1911-1919
            • US-CA 1920-1929 >
              • US-CA 1920-1924
              • US-CA 1925-1929
            • US-CA 1930-1938
            • US-CA 1944-1946
            • US-CA 1950-1952
            • US-CA 1963
            • US-CA 1981
          • Colorado >
            • US-CO Pre-1900
            • US-CO 1907-1909
            • US-CO 1910-1911
            • US-CO 1920-1925
            • US-CO 1932
            • US-CO 1940
            • US-CO 1982-1987
          • Connecticut >
            • US-CT Pre-1900
            • US-CT 1900-1908
            • US-CT 1910-1911
            • US-CT 1921
            • US-CT 1931-1938
            • US-CT 1962
          • Delaware >
            • US-DE Pre-1900
            • US-DE 1913
            • US-DE 1931-1939
            • US-DE 1951
          • Florida >
            • US-FL Pre-1900
            • US-FL 1900-1909 >
              • US-FL 1903-1905
              • US-FL 1906
            • US-FL 1911-1916
            • US-FL 1948
            • US-FL 1958
            • US-FL 1969
            • US-FL 1975
          • Georgia >
            • US-GA Pre-1900
            • US-GA 1905-1906
            • US-GA 1926-1927
            • US-GA 1930-1934
            • US-GA 1940
          • Hawaii >
            • US-HI 1907-1909
            • US-HI 1910-1919 >
              • US-HI 1910-1912
              • US-HI 1913-1915
              • US-HI 1916-1917
              • US-HI 1918-1919
            • US-Hi 1920-1929 >
              • US-HI 1920-1921
              • US-HI 1922-1923
              • US-HI 1924-1929
            • US-HI 1930-1939 >
              • US-HI 1930-1932
              • US-HI 1933
              • US-HI 1934
              • US-HI 1935
              • US-HI 1936
              • US-HI 1937
              • US-HI 1938
              • US-HI 1939
            • US-HI 1940-1949 >
              • US-HI 1940
              • US-HI 1941-1942
              • US-HI 1943
              • US-HI 1944
              • US-HI 1945
              • US-HI 1946
              • US-HI 1947
              • US-HI 1948
              • US-HI 1949
            • US-HI 1979
          • Idaho >
            • US-ID Pre-1900
            • US-ID 1905-1906
            • US-ID 1916-1919
            • US-ID 1920
          • Illinois >
            • US-IL Pre-1890
            • US-IL 1893-1899
            • US-IL 1900-1909 >
              • US-IL 1900-1904
              • US-IL 1905-1907
              • US-IL 1908
              • US-IL 1909
            • US-IL 1910-1919 >
              • US-IL 1910
              • US-IL 1911-1919
            • US-IL 1920-1929
            • US-IL 1931-1939
            • US-IL 1940
            • US-IL 1950-1954
            • US-IL 1962
            • US-IL 1979
            • US-IL 1980-1989 >
              • US-IL 1981
              • US-IL 1982
          • Indiana >
            • US-IN Pre-1890
            • US-IN 1890-1899 >
              • US-IN 1897
              • US-IN 1898
            • US-IN 1900-1909
            • US-IN 1910-1919
            • US-IN 1920-1928
            • US-IN 1933-1939
            • US-IN 1940-1949 >
              • US-IN 1940
              • US-IN 1941
              • US-IN 1942
              • US-IN 1948
            • US-IN 1950-1954
            • US-IN 1979
          • Iowa >
            • US-IA Pre-1900
            • US-IA 1900-1909 >
              • US-IA 1900
              • US-IA 1901-1909
            • US-IA 1910-1919
            • US-IA 1920-1929
            • US-IA 1933-1935
            • US-IA 1941-1949
            • US-IA 1954
            • US-IA 1979
            • US-IA 1981
          • Kansas >
            • US-KS Pre-1900
            • US-KS 1909
            • US-KS 1910-1915
            • US-KS 1921-1925
            • US-KS 1931-1933
            • US-KS 1940-1948
            • US-KS 1954
          • Kentucky >
            • US-KY Pre-1900
            • US-KY 1901
            • US-KY 1913
            • US-KY 1931-1932
            • US-KY 1979
          • Louisiana >
            • US-LA Pre-1900
            • US-LA 1901-1909
            • US-LA 1932-1938
            • US-LA 1943-1949
            • US-LA 1950-1952
          • Maine >
            • US-ME 1905
            • US-ME 1911
            • US-ME 1932-1937
            • US-ME 1940-1941
          • Maryland >
            • US-MD Pre-1900
            • US-MD 1903-1909
            • US-MD 1910-1916
            • US-MD 1930-1939 >
              • US-MD 1930
              • US-MD 1931
              • US-MD 1932
              • US-MD 1933-1939
            • US-MD 1944-1946
            • US-MD 1950-1951
            • US-MD 1962
          • Massachusetts >
            • US-MA Pre-1880
            • US-MA 1880-1889
            • US-MA 1896-1899
            • US-MA 1901-1909
            • US-MA 1910-1919
            • US-MA 1920-1929
            • US-MA 1930-1939
            • US-MA 1940-1945
            • US-MA 1975
          • Michigan >
            • US-MI Pre-1890
            • US-MI 1890-1899 >
              • US-MI 1890-1891
              • US-MI 1898
              • US-MI 1899
            • US-MI 1900-1909
            • US-MI 1910-1913
            • US-MI 1929
            • US-MI 1931-1937
            • US-MI 1940
            • US-MI 1950-1959 >
              • US-MI 1954
              • US-MI 1958
          • Minnesota >
            • US-MN 1881-1889
            • US-MN 1890-1899 >
              • US-MN 1890-1894
              • US-MN 1898
            • US-MN 1900-1909 >
              • US-MN 1900-1908
              • US-MN 1909
            • US-MN 1910-1919 >
              • US-MN 1910-1911
              • US-MN 1912
              • US-MN 1913
              • US-MN 1914
              • US-MN 1917
            • US-MN 1921-1928
            • US-MN 1933-1939
            • US-MN 1940-1941
            • US-MN 1979
            • US-MN 1980-1989 >
              • US-MN 1981
              • US-MN 1982
          • Mississippi >
            • US-MS Pre-1900
            • US-MS 1928
          • Missouri >
            • US-MO Pre-1900
            • US-MO 1900-1909
            • US-MO 1910-1919
            • US-MO 1922-1929
            • US-MO 1930-1938
            • US-MO 1940-1947
            • US-MO 1975
          • Montana >
            • US-MT Pre-1900
            • US-MT 1904-1908
            • US-MT 1912-1916
            • US-MT 1920-1928
            • US-MT 1931-1932
            • US-MT 1946
            • US-MT 1954
          • Nebraska >
            • US-NE Pre-1900
            • US-NE 1900-1909
            • US-NE 1910-1919
            • US-NE 1920-1922
            • US-NE 1932-1937
            • US-NE 1954
            • US-NE 1979
            • US-NE 1981
          • Nevada >
            • US-NV 1918
            • US-NV Pre-1900
            • US-NV 1903
            • US-NV 1922-1924
            • US-NV 1931-1936
          • New Hampshire >
            • US-NH 1913-1914
            • US-NH 1930-1933
          • Tennessee >
            • US-TN Pre-1900
            • US-TN 1900-1909
            • US-TN 1910-1919
            • US-TN 1920-1929
            • US-TN 1930-1939 >
              • US-TN 1930
              • US-TN 1931
              • US-TN 1932
              • US-TN 1933
            • US-TN 1970-1979
      • Oceania >
        • Australia >
          • New South Wales >
            • AU-NSW Pre-1900
            • AU-NSW 1920-1929
          • Queensland >
            • AU-QLD 1930-1939
            • AU-QLD 1920-1929
          • South Australia >
            • AU-SA Pre-1900
            • AU-SA 1920-1929
          • Victoria >
            • AU-VIC Pre-1900
            • AU-VIC 1920-1929
          • Western Australia >
            • AU-WA 1900-1909
            • AU-WA 1910-1919
            • AU-WA 1920-1929
        • New Zealand >
          • NZ Pre-1900
          • NZ 1920-1929
      • South America >
        • Argentina >
          • AR 1903-1909
          • AR 1910-1919
          • AR 1920-1929
          • AR 1930-1938
          • AR 1940-1947
        • Brazil >
          • BR Pre-1900
          • BR 1904-1909
          • BR 1910-1915
          • BR 1921-1929
          • BR 1930-1939 >
            • BR 1930-1933
            • BR 1934
            • BR 1935-1938
          • BR 1940-1949
        • Chile >
          • CL Pre-1900
          • CL 1928-1929
        • Uruguay >
          • UY 1924
          • UY 1930
    • By Wrestler >
      • A >
        • Ad Santel
        • Americus
        • Andre Christol
        • Andre the Giant
        • Antonio Pierri
      • B >
        • Bert Rubi
        • Billy Romanoff
        • Bobby Bruns
        • Bronko Nagurski
      • C >
        • Carl Abs
        • Charles Moth
        • Clarence >
          • Bouldin
          • Whistler
        • Col. J.H. McLaughlin
        • Constantine Romanoff
      • D >
        • Dan McLeod
        • Danno O'Mahoney
        • Dave Finley
        • Donald Dinnie
        • Dr. Ben F. Roller
        • Dubois
        • Duncan >
          • A. McMillan
          • C. Ross
      • E >
        • Earl Caddock
        • Ed >
          • Don George
          • Lewis
          • Virag
        • Edwin Bibby
        • Emil Nitschke
        • Ernest Roeber
        • Evan Lewis
      • F >
        • Farmer Burns
        • Francois le Farinier
        • Frank Gotch
        • Fred Beell
      • G >
        • George >
          • Bothner
          • Kotsonaros
          • Steadman
          • William Flagg
        • Georges Hackenschmidt
      • H >
        • Harry Hill
        • Henry M. Dufur
        • Homer Lane
        • Hugh Leonard
      • I >
        • Iwan Chemjakin
      • J >
        • Jack Carkeek
        • Jakob Koch
        • James >
          • Faulkner
          • Owens
        • Jean >
          • Doublier
          • Dupuis
        • Jim >
          • Esson
          • Londos
          • Joe >
            • Acton
            • Stecher
          • McMillen
        • John McMahon
        • Josef Steinbach
  • Articles
    • PWHS Writers >
      • Harry G. >
        • Extinct Wrestling Concepts >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • 200 Articles?
        • As We Get Close to the End
        • Carpenters
        • Charles Manson?
        • Fantasy and Reality
        • First Times
        • How on Earth could You Trust Him
        • "I Hate Him!"
        • "If You Break Kayfabe"
        • Jack Brisco, Backlund, Angle...Soucie?
        • Loss of Innocence
        • Missing Things That I Have Never Seen
        • Monsters
        • "Not bad, Kid"
        • "Okay...Okay...Now this HAS to Be Real"
        • Once the Balloon is Popped
        • Suspension of Disbelief Vs. Current Reality
        • The Smarter You Are The Dumber You Are
        • They Aren't REAL Wrestlers!
        • Time to Get My Wrestling Fix
        • Titles of Convenience
        • Turn Off the Lights
        • "Was it really that good?" Yes.
        • Where Are Wrestling's Oddities
        • Who is the Toughest Wrestler
      • Jimmy W. >
        • Fakirs At Work >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
        • Forgotten Titles >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
          • Chapter Eight
        • History of Wrestling >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
        • Hooded History >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • Let's Go to the Movies >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
        • Not A Wrestler >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
        • A Solid Man
        • Christmas Cards
        • Confidence Vs. Paranoia
        • Feel the Bang
        • For 58 Years They Dreamed
        • From Muldoon to McMahon
        • God Is in the Detail
        • Good Versus Evil
        • Grappling Glitter
        • Hacksaw in the Works
        • Harry Hill and the Champions of Water
        • Nevermind the Piledriver
        • Official WWF Fan Club
        • One and Only WORLD Champion
        • Pioneers Schmioneers
        • Sixty Minutes Is Not Enough
        • Slams and Salaams
        • WWF European Exclusives
        • Whisky, Whips, Loose Women and Lamb
        • Who Was Homer Lane?
        • "Wrestling Today Is Not Art"
      • John V. >
        • Chair Shot Heard Round the World
        • From Immigrant to Champion
        • Hart of Stampede
        • Hollywood Movie in Making
        • Match that Changed Two Worlds
        • Mrs. Krieger
        • Original Bad Boys of Wrestling
        • Tragedy in the Hart-Land
      • Julie H. >
        • Early History
        • William Muldoon
        • Frank Gotch
        • Early 20th Century
        • Ed "Strangler" Lewis
        • A New Era
        • Joe Stecher
        • Lou Thesz
        • Television Era
      • Matt P. - #SOS >
        • Original Horsemen
        • Getting Into the Business
        • Life in Pro-Wrestling
        • Ravishing Recollections
        • WrestleMania >
          • IV
          • XIV
        • Billy Buries Bob
        • Blade Runners
        • Botch that Broke Bruno
        • "Eye Popping" Encounter
        • "Have A Banana!"
        • Hulkster Vs. Rattlesnake
        • Strike Force
      • Shea H. >
        • #FantasyFriday >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
          • Chapter Eight
          • Chapter Nine
          • Chapter Ten
          • Chapter Eleven
          • Chapter Twelve - What If
          • Chapter Thirteen: Fantasy Warfare
        • Fantasy Feud >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • What Could Have Been >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
        • Alternate Worlds of Wrestling
        • American Nightmare
        • Black WrestleMania
        • Fact Vs. Fantasy
        • Free From the Barnyard
        • HART ATTACK
        • Untold Tales of the Undertaker
        • Why James Dudley Deserved to be Inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame
      • Terry K. >
        • Dr. in the House >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • Greensboro Coliseum History >
          • 1971
          • 1972
          • 1973
          • 1974
        • Inspirational >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Lesser Known Family >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
          • Chapter Six
          • Chapter Seven
          • Chapter Eight
        • Magazines >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Managers >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Match 2 Remember >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
        • Memories >
          • Chapter One: Part One
          • Chapter One: Part Two
          • Chapter One: Part Three
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
        • Night 2 Remember >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
        • Red Letter Day >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Stories that Must Be Told >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Story Behind the Story >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Tag Team Thumb-Sketch >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
          • Chapter Five
        • Unusual Wrestler >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
          • Chapter Three
          • Chapter Four
        • What A Card >
          • Chapter One
          • Chapter Two
        • Ancient History
        • Behind The Scenes
        • Famous Families and Groups
        • Hardcore Elite
        • I Did Not Know That
        • Memorabilia
        • Pro Wrestling in Chattanooga’s Memorial Auditorium 1950
        • Referees: Rick Hazzard
        • Territories
        • Tragedy
        • Wrestling In Print: Dickson Tennessee Tragedy Cripples Memphis Roster
    • Guest Writers >
      • Dangerous D >
        • Great Referees
      • David K >
        • Super WrestleMania
      • Kris L >
        • WWF World Martial-Arts Title
        • Men That Moved the Mountain
      • Mark D.R. >
        • Challengers
      • NJPW Gaijin E >
        • Big Turn of 1980
        • Japan: Rare Photos
        • Remembering the Spectrum
      • Roy L >
        • Gracie Vs. Takada
        • Lucier's Lucha Lunacy
      • Ruslan C.P. >
        • German Folk Styles of Wrestling
        • Dutch Folk Styles of Wrestling
        • French Folk Styles of Wrestling
        • English Catch-Hold Style of Wrestling
        • Lancashire Style of Wrestling
        • North American Side-Hold Style of Wrestling
        • The Evolution of the Catch-Hold on the Continent
      • Russell J >
        • Ode to the Manager
  • Bios
    • A >
      • Adrian Adonis
      • Al >
        • Baffert
        • Galento
        • Lovelock
      • Americus
      • Andre Christol
      • Angelo >
        • Poffo
        • Savoldi
      • Apollon
      • Archie Gouldie
    • B >
      • Babs Wingo
      • Bam Bam Bigelow
      • Ben Lion Heart
      • Bert >
        • Assirati
        • Rubi
      • Big >
        • Boss Man
        • Bully Busick
      • Billy >
        • Graham; "Superstar"
        • Robinson
      • Black Butcher Johnson
      • Blackjack Mulligan
      • Blondy Chrane
      • Bobby >
        • Bruns
        • Christy
        • Davis
        • Duncum Sr.
      • Bronko Nagurski
      • Bruiser Brody
      • Bruno Sammartino
      • Buddy >
        • Austin
        • Jackson
      • Bugsy McGraw
      • Bull Montana
      • Bulldog Brower
      • Buzz Sawyer
    • C >
      • Carl Abs
      • Chambers Zipps
      • Charles >
        • Lange
        • Moth
      • Chick Donovan
      • Chief >
        • Big Heart
        • Chewacki
      • Clarence >
        • Bouldin
        • Whistler
      • Cliff Maupin
      • Col. J.H. McLaughlin
      • Con Balasis
      • Constantine Romanoff
      • Crusher Verdu
      • Cy Williams
    • D >
      • Dan >
        • McLeod
        • Spivey
      • Danno O'Mahoney
      • Dave Bond
      • Don >
        • Campbell
        • Carson
        • Sugai
      • Donald Dinnie
      • Doug Embry
      • Douglas Clark
      • Dr >
        • Benjamin F. Roller
        • "Doc" White
        • Orville Lee Grable
      • Duncan >
        • A. McMillan
        • C. Ross
      • Dynamite Kid
    • E >
      • Earl Caddock
      • Ed >
        • Don George
        • Lewis
      • Eddie Guerrero
      • Edwin Bibby
      • Elvira Snodgrass
      • Emir Badui
      • Eric Pederson
      • Ernest Roeber
      • Ethel Johnson
      • Eugen Sandow
      • Evan Lewis
    • F >
      • "Farmer" Burns
      • Frank >
        • Crozier
        • Gotch
        • Judson
      • Fred Beell
      • Fritz Hanson
    • G >
      • Gene LeBell
      • George >
        • Bothner
        • Kennedy
        • Kotsonaros
        • Macricostas
        • William Flagg
        • Hackenschmidt
      • Gerry Morrow
      • Gorgeous George
      • Gottfried Grüneisen
    • H >
      • Harold Sakata
      • Harry Hill
      • Helmer C. Myre
      • Henry >
        • Irslinger
        • Moses Dufur
        • Seishiro Okazaki
      • Hercules Hernandez
      • Homer Lane
      • Honey Boy Zimba
      • Hugh Leonard
    • I >
      • Ike Eakins
      • Infernos, The
      • Iron Sheik, The
    • J >
      • Jack >
        • Carkeek
        • Claybourne
        • Johnson
        • Reynolds
        • Sherry
        • Washburn
        • Winrow
      • James >
        • Faulkner
        • McMahon
        • McWeeney
        • Owens
      • Jasmin St. Claire
      • Jim >
        • Londos
        • McMillen
      • Jock Ruddock
      • Joe >
        • Acton
        • "Barbados" Walcott
        • Carroll Marsh
        • Stecher
      • John McMahon
      • Johnny Kincaid
      • Josef Steinbach
    • K >
      • “Kahuku” Rodrigues
      • Kathleen Wimbley
      • Karl Veimann
      • Ken Lucas
      • Kerry Brown
      • Kevin Sullivan
      • Koji Kitao
    • L >
      • Larry Zbyszko
    • P >
      • Paul Pons
      • Perro Aguayo
      • Pinkie George
      • Pirata Morgan
      • Professor >
        • Thiebaud Bauer
        • William Miller
    • R >
      • Rafvela
      • Randy Savage
      • Ray >
        • Apollon
        • Candy
      • Regis Siki
      • Ric Flair
      • Rick Hazzard
      • Rick Rude
      • Rip Oliver
      • Robin Reed
      • Roger Kirby
      • Rudolf Grüneisen
    • S >
      • Santo
      • Seelie Samara
      • Sgt. Slaughter
      • Sorakichi Matsuda
      • Shokichi Hamada
      • Sid
      • Stanislaus Zbyszko
      • Steve >
        • Gatorwolf
        • Strong
      • Stu Gibson
      • Super Muneco
    • T >
      • Taro Miyake
      • Tatsumi Fujinami
      • Terrible Turk >
        • Ali Baba
        • Ali Nurullah Hasan
        • Yousouf Ishmaelo
      • Terry Gordy
      • Thor Hagen
    • W >
      • Walter Palmer
      • William Muldoon
  • Interviews
    • Authors >
      • John Cosper
      • Mark Hewitt
      • Nathan Hatton
      • Tim Hornbaker
    • Fans >
      • Dan Thomas
      • Geoff Brown
      • NJPW Gaijin Eric
      • Peggy Latham: Part One
      • Peggy Latham: Part Two
    • PWHS Team >
      • Bubba
      • Harry
      • Hayden
      • Jay
      • Jimmy
      • John
      • Julie
      • Mark
      • Terry
    • Referees >
      • Kris Levin
    • Wrestlers >
      • Bobby Bass
      • Tim Parks
      • Tom >
        • Connors: Part One
        • Connors: Part Two
        • Connors: Part Three
        • Connors: Part Four
        • Connors: Part Five
        • Connors: Part Six
        • Connors: Part Seven
        • Connors: Part Eight
        • Connors: Part Nine
        • Connors: Part Ten
        • Connors: Part Eleven
        • Connors: Part Twelve
        • Connors: Part Thirteen
        • Connors: Part Fourteen
        • Connors: Part Fifteen
        • Nash
      • Tony Nardo
  • Reviews
    • Promotions >
      • Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling >
        • GCCW 1950 >
          • GCCW Jan 1950
          • GCCW Feb 1950
          • GCCW Mar 1950
          • GCCW Apr 1950
          • GCCW May 1950
          • GCCW Jun 1950
          • GCCW Jul 1950
          • GCCW Aug 1950
          • GCCW Sep 1950
          • GCCW Oct 1950
          • GCCW Nov 1950
          • GCCW Dec 1950
        • GCCW 1951 >
          • GCCW Jan 1951
          • GCCW Feb 1951
          • GCCW Mar 1951
          • GCCW Apr 1951
          • GCCW May 1951
          • GCCW Jun 1951
          • GCCW Jul 1951
          • GCCW Aug 1951
          • GCCW Sep 1951
          • GCCW Oct 1951
          • GCCW Nov 1951
          • GCCW Dec 1951
        • GCCW 1952 >
          • GCCW Jan 1952
          • GCCW Feb 1952
          • GCCW Mar 1952
          • GCCW Apr 1952
          • GCCW May 1952
          • GCCW Jun 1952
          • GCCW Jul 1952
          • GCCW Aug 1952
          • GCCW Sep 1952
          • GCCW Oct 1952
          • GCCW Nov 1952
          • GCCW Dec 1952
  • Books
    • A >
      • Aaron D. Horton's Identity in Pro-Wrestling
      • Al Marquette
      • Assassin
    • C >
      • Chad Dell's The Revenge Of Hatpin Mary
      • Charles Fischer
      • Chris Jericho (A Lion's Tale)
    • D >
      • David Schultz
      • Diana Hart
      • Don Fargo
      • Dynamite Kid
    • E >
      • Ed Lewis
      • Edge
    • F >
      • Floyd Conner's Wrestling's Most Wanted
      • Frank Gotch (Life & Legacy)
      • Frank Gotch (Wrestling)
      • Freddie Blassie
    • G >
      • Gene Kiniski
      • Gorgeous George
      • Greg Lambert's Holy Grail
    • J >
      • Jack Brisco's BRISCO
      • Jake Shannon's Say Uncle!
      • Jasmin St. Claire's What The Hell Was I Thinking?!!
      • Jim Freedman's Drawing Heat
      • John Cosper's Bluegrass Brawlers
      • John Cosper's Louisville's Greatest Show
      • Jon Chattman's A Battle Royal in the Sky
      • Jonathan Snowden's Shooters
      • Junkyard Dog
    • S >
      • Scott Beekman's Ringside
      • Shawn Michaels (Heartbreak & Triumph)
      • Shawn Michaels (Wrestling For My Life)
      • Simon Garfield's The Wrestling
      • Sir Thomas Parkyns' Progymnasmata
      • Stan Hansen
      • Sting (Moment of Truth)
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The Evolution of the Catch-Hold on the Continent

#PWHS #Article #Europe #France #Germany #Belgium #Netherlands #CatchHold #Wrestling #ProWrestling #GraecoRoman #GrecoRoman #CatchWrestling #CACC #CatchAsCatchCan #Freestyle

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​Folk Wrestling Styles of Frankish Heritage
​

​German

Ringen


​1. Ringen
Catch-hold of the torso above the waist
Note: Tripping is not allowed
​Dutch / Flemish

Worstelen

1.Lijfvat/Lyfvat
Standing
Catch-hold above the waist
Objective: Back Fall (Ondergooien) or any part of the body above the knee down (Neergooien)
Note: Tripping is not allowed
French

Lutte Provencales

​1. Lucho de la Centure (en aut)
Standing catch-hold above the waist
Objective: Fair Back Fall or three falls on the back
Note: Tripping is not allowed
2. Bauern-Art Ringen, Kür-Ringen (RangeIn)
Catch-as-Catch-Can / Freestyle
​

Note: Both styles existed in two forms:
a) Standing (Halber Ringkampf)
Objective: Fair Back Fall, or any part of the body above the knee down
b) Up and down (Ganzer Ringkampf)
Objective: "Capture" Trap Opponent on the ground (Unterhalten)
2. Stoeijen
Up and down
Catch-as-Catch-Can/Freestyle
Objective "Capture" Trap Opponent on the ground (Dutch Vastleggen, Afrikaans Vasle)​
2. Lucho Libro
Up and down
Catch-as-Catch-Can / Freestyle
Objective: Fair Back Fall, originally "Capture" Trap Opponent on the ground (Trappeur)
​

​Note: Tripping is allowed, but not favored

​​The modern internationally recognized wrestling styles such as Graeco-Roman, Freestyle and "Pro-Wrestling" have their origins in the Frankish folk wrestling traditions. Throughout the Middle Ages the Frankish wrestling styles were mainly practiced by the French, German and Dutch/Flemish people.

The core of the Frankish wrestling customs was that it was a Catch-Hold style of wrestling and it featured wrestling on the ground. Another important detail was, according to the Frankish traditions, the use of legs and feet for throwing (hooking and tripping respectively) wasn’t favored and often wasn’t even considered as “fair wrestling” and instead the “only true wrestling” was fought utilizing the strength of hands, arms, torso, hips, buttocks and back. By any other word the “Lift and Throw” techniques dominated wrestling styles of the ancient Franks. The “noble art of tripping”, which was a key wrestling skill. in let’s say English traditional wrestling styles, was neglected. The falls (preferably falls on the back, or even fair back falls) given from the standing position were all quick flying falls.

The strongest men preferred competing in a standing position with only Catch-Holds above the waist being allowed. They thought those who consider themselves to be the strongest in order to throw a man, don’t need holds below the waist, hooking, tripping nor did they need wrestling on the ground.

But if the Frankish men decided to compete in “free for all” conditions (Catch-as-Catch-Can, or Catch-Holds of any part of the person’s body being allowed) then back fall (or a fall) wasn’t enough to win the struggle, and the victor had to continue the match on the ground until his adversary quits any resistance and verbally confesses his defeat because of being “captured” (restrained in the movement and kept underneath).

Historically, according to the western European tradition, the game of wrestling was always about giving falls – throwing/taking an opponent down off his feet onto his back (flying falls), or any part of his body above the knees, meaning that it was a standing wrestling.

That wasn’t an easy goal to accomplish and over the course of time this objection was simplified. The system of substituting one back fall with three foils (fall on any part of the body) was introduced in England and to some extent on the continent.

This definitely put an end to the so-called “disputed falls”, which was a major issue in the standing wrestling contests for a very long time. This innovation didn’t really fix the whole situation, because under the conditions of flying falls being allowed, which remained unchanged, wrestling still wasn’t a safe game. Due to the nature of those falls, which were violent and usually caused multiple injuries or even death.

That led to the evolution of the perception and understanding of the throw/fall itself. At some point in history the principle of ”throwing” on the back was replaced with a more progressive idea of placing on the back, pressing shoulders down, and maintaining this submissive position for a certain amount of time. That was achievable only when both wrestlers were down on the ground. That is how the pinning fall was invented.

This revolutionary introduction was the birth of a new western European tradition of ground wrestling, which found its climax in the concept of a pinning fall being the only true fall. The game is over when it’s over and one of the two is kept immovable flat on his back (controlled).

Even after the popularization of pinfalls, the flying falls weren’t abolished and were still widely practiced and even preferred, it was happening first of all because of the strong association between the terms of “wrestling” and “throwing.” For centuries wrestling was thought of as throwing.

With the introduction of ground wrestling another kind of quick fall was invented the rolling fall. For a very long time in the modern styles of wrestling (amateur and pro) all three kinds of back falls (flying, rolling and pinning) were considered legit.

The given chart shows comparative analyses of three western European Catch-Hold wrestling styles of the Frankish heritage: Lutte Provencales (France), Ringen (Germany) and Worstelen (Netherlands/Flanders). Each of those extinct wrestling styles existed in two modes:

1) The standing Catch-Hold above the waist (use of legs and feet for throwing being prohibited).

2) The up and down Catch-as-Catch-Can.

The objective in the former style was to give opponent a quick (flying) fall from a standing position with or without the attacker falling himself; such fall was either a fair back fall (two shoulders striking the ground simultaneously), or a fall on the back side of the body (including or being limited to buttocks, back, shoulders, and neck), or a fall on any part of the adversary’s body except hands, knees and feet.

In the latter style the goal was to overcome the opponent on the ground, and submit him into a verbal acknowledgement of his defeat by placing him flat on his back and keeping him “captured” underneath in the restricted immovable position.

In France the Lutte Provencales was still around even in the 1860s until it was completely replaced with the modern French or Graeco-Roman style aka the “flat hand” wrestling (la lutte à main plates). That newborn style was an evolved combination of both Provencal modes of wrestling. The Graeco-Roman wrestling was an up and down Catch-Hold above the waist, use of legs and feet for throwing being not allowed. The objective was to give the opponent a fair back fall. Originally all kinds of such falls counted, i.e. flying, rolling and pinning. Now this style of wrestling is one of the two international Olympic wrestling styles.

Meanwhile, in Germany since the early 1800s and throughout the whole 19th century the evolved and refined variation of the Bauern-Art Ringen (Rangeln) folk wrestling style was taught at the German Gymnastic Societies (GGS). That style was known as a free wrestling. The objective in that style was to give opponent a fair back fall. Originally all kinds of falls counted, i.e. flying, rolling and pinning. GGS or Turners popularized their style of wrestling in England as well as in North America. Nowadays the evolved version of the GGS style of wrestling is known as Freestyle and is the second of the two international Olympic wrestling styles.

The earliest known immigration of the Flemish textile workers (aka Flemish weavers) to East Lancashire, England goes back to the 1300s. They brought to their new place their traditional rough-and-tumble wrestling style called the Stoeijen, which over the time evolved there into the professional Lancashire up and down wrestling/fighting, a combative style which predated Lancashire Catch-as-Catch-Can wrestling. In the 16th and 17th centuries, French and German “weaving” Protestants, who along with the Flemish fled religious persecutions on the continent, brought their old Frankish Catch-Hold wrestling customs to East Lancashire and West Yorkshire, where they merged with the traditional English Catch-Hold wrestling style and over the course of the centuries, this combination evolved there into a new culturally unique style of wrestling, known as the Lancashire Catch-as-Catch-Can style. This style went through the various stages of evolution and gave birth to the modern day pro-wrestling (catch) as well as strongly influencing the current international Freestyle wrestling and different grappling styles.

This article is dedicated to all of my friends who have backgrounds in both the professional and amateur styles of wrestling.

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Unique content strictly for the Professional Wrestling Historical Society.

The Evolution of the Catch-Hold on the Continent.
Author: Ruslan C. Pashayev.
​Published: June 5, 2020.
Article: #243.
​Editor: Jimmy Wheeler.

Updated: July 10, 2020.
German Folk Styles of Wrestling - Read Here.
Dutch Folk Styles of Wrestling - Read Here.
French Folk Styles of Wrestling - Read Here.
English Catch-Hold Style of Wrestling - Read Here.
Lancashire Style of Wrestling - Read Here.
North American Side-Hold Style of Wrestling - Read Here.

All website content has been created specifically for the Professional Wrestling Historical Society.

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